Map spread, in inches, is the size of a fire as scaled to a map. See Section 5.3 for more detailed information.

Example 1. For a rate of spread of 4 chains/hour and a projection time of 3 hours, find the map distance for the fire spread. Plot the distance using a tenths ruler for accuracy. The map scale is 1:24,000.

Step 1. Convert the map scale to feet per inch. 24,000 in × 1 foot/12 in = 2000 feet.

Step 2. Convert the spread distance to feet. 12 chains × 66 feet/chain = 792 feet.

The flame length is the distance between the flame tip and the midpoint of the flame depth at the base of the flame. Flame length is an observable, measurable indicator of fireline intensity. 


Spread distance, in chains, is the distance of forward fire spread for a specified amount of time. 

spread distance (SD) = 
rate of spread (ROS) × projection time (PT) 

The rate of spread is in chains per hour (ch/h) and is defined as the speed with which the fire is moving away from the site of origin. Wind, moisture, and slope drive the fire. The flaming zone, or fire head, moves away from the origin quickly with great intensity.

Midflame windspeed (MFWS) is defined as the velocity of the winds, in miles per hour (mi/hr), taken at the mid-height of the flames. MFWS will directly affect the direction of movement of the flaming front and is important in fire spread calculations. The midflame windspeed is determined by use of the wind adjustment table, which provides values in terms of fuel overstory exposure and fuel model. 

Relative humidity is the percent of water vapor in the air compared to what would be present if the air were saturated. Fully saturated air is fog. Relative humidity is always expressed as a percentage.

Relative humidity can be determined by measuring the dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures in the field. Using these measured values, the dew point and relative humidity can be determined with the use of tables. These psychrometric tables are valid for specific elevation ranges because relative humidity and dewpoint change with atmospheric pressure, which varies with elevation.

Dewpoint is the temperature to which air must be cooled to reach its saturation point. The cooling must be done at a constant pressure and moisture content. A rising dewpoint indicates increasing moisture.

Wet bulb temperature is the lowest temperature to which the current air can be cooled. Cooling is achieved by evaporating water into air at a constant pressure. Wet bulb temperature is measured by a psychrometer. The greater the difference is between wet and dry bulb temperatures, the drier the air is.

Base and meridian lines are similar to latitude and longitude lines. Use geographic locations, such as prominent features of the area, as reference points.

Townships are rectangular blocks of land about 6 miles square. The squares are gridded and numbered according to their position north or south of the base line.

Ranges are columns of townships set side by side. They are numbered starting at the meridian that runs through the point of origin of each system. Ranges run east and west.

Latitude and longitude are measuring lines used for locating places on the surface of the Earth. They are angular measurements, expressed as degrees of a circle. A full circle contains 360°. Each degree can be divided into 60 minutes, and each minute is divided into 60 seconds. The symbol for minutes is (´) and for seconds is ("). 

Resection is a method of finding one's own location on a map by sighting two known landmarks.
The procedure is as follows:

1. Find at least two landmarks on the map that can be also identified on the ground. With a compass measure an azimuth to each of the landmarks on the ground.
2. Adjust for declination.
3. Convert to back azimuths.
4. Using the two known landmarks on the map, draw the lines of the back azimuths until the lines cross.
5. The location is where the two lines cross.