Skip to main content

Firefighter Math: 8.2 Midflame Windspeed

Midflame windspeed (MFWS) is defined as the velocity of the winds, in miles per hour (mi/hr), taken at the mid-height of the flames. MFWS will directly affect the direction of movement of the flaming front and is important in fire spread calculations. The midflame windspeed is determined by use of the wind adjustment table, which provides values in terms of fuel overstory exposure and fuel model. 
table showing adjustment factors for different fuel shelterings

Figure 8.2 Adjustment factors for midflame winds.
The adjustment values are typically applied to the 20-foot windspeed, which is the speed that is measured 20 feet above any fuel or obstruction, usually by a weather station. The midflame windspeed is obtained by multiplying the 20-foot windspeed by the appropriate wind adjustment factor from the table. 

graphic showing different fuel shelterings

Figure 8.3 Effects of fuel sheltering on wind speeds.
It is very important to know which fuel model and sheltering configuration is being studied, and whether a given windspeed is a 20-ft windspeed or an already adjusted midflame windspeed. 

graphic showing friction effects slowing wind

Figure 8.4 Typical fuel sheltering for slope locations.
The midflame windspeed will be LESS THAN the 20-foot windspeed, because vegetation and friction slow down winds closer to the surface. That is why all the adjustment factors in the table are less than 1. 

Example 1 - A fire is burning in a fully sheltered area of dense, or closed, stands described as Fuel Model 4. The local weather station reports the 20-ft windspeed is 15 miles per hour. What is the midflame windspeed? Show all work on the wind adjustment worksheet (see below).

Solution - The figure above describes wind reduction factors and is used to determine the appropriate correction factor.

Step 1. The correction factor is 0.1 for any fuel model under fully sheltered conditions with dense stands.

Step 2. To find the midflame windspeed, multiply the 20-foot windspeed by the adjustment factor.
midflame windspeed =
20-foot windspeed × adjustment factor

MFWS = 15 mi/h × 0.1 = 1.5 mi/h

Example 2 - A 20-foot windspeed at the top of the ridge is reported to be 35 miles per hour, with fuel model 11 vegetation. What is the midflame windspeed? 

Step 1. See figure 8.4. The top of a ridge is indicated to be unsheltered.

Step 2. From figure 8.2, the adjustment factor is 0.4.

Step 3. MFWS = 35 x 0.4 = 14 mi/h

The values can be summarized in a wind adjustment worksheet. 
graphic of completed wind adjustment worksheet

 

NWCG Latest Announcements

NEW! S-231, Engine Boss Course Available Now

Date:  March 6, 2026
Questions? 
Please contact: Incident Operations Subcommittee

NWCG is pleased to announce the new S-231, Engine Boss (Single Resource) course is now available on the Wildland Fire Learning Portal (WFLP). Developed through the Incident Performance and Training Modernization (IPTM) effort, this training supports individuals working towards Engine Boss, Single Resource (ENGB) incident qualifications. 

This is a performance-based instructor-led training (ILT) that focuses on the application of ENGB responsibilities during wildland fire operations, emphasizing readiness, information gathering, risk management, engine tactics, and Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) operations. Trainees apply these skills through scenario-based group work and an optional field day that reinforces hands-on engine operation tasks. 

References:

S-231, Engine Boss (Single Resource) (Instructor-led)

NWCG Engine Boss, Single Resource (ENGB) Position Page

Wildland Fire Learning Portal

NWCG Celebrates 50 Years!

Date:  March 6, 2026
Questions? 
Please contact: NWCG Executive Secretary

NWCG is proud to celebrate 50 years of service to the wildland fire community. Beginning in 1976 with an interagency agreement between the Department of Interior and Department of Agriculture, NWCG has grown to include additional member agencies and is recognized as the standard-setting leader in wildland fire operations.

To honor where we’ve been and highlight where we are going, the NWCG team has created a video showcasing our history and accomplishments. The video is now available on the NWCG website.

References:

NWCG 50 Year Anniversary Video

NEW! S-131, Firefighter Type 1 Course Available Now

Date:  March 6, 2026
Questions? 
Please contact: Incident Operations Subcommittee

NWCG is pleased to announce the new S-131, Firefighter Type 1 course is now available on the Wildland Fire Learning Portal (WFLP). Developed through the Incident Performance and Training Modernization (IPTM) effort, this course is a performance-based instructor-led training (ILT) that focuses on the application of situational awareness and decision making, building on the knowledge and concepts introduced in previous required courses. Using a threaded fictitious fire, each unit focuses on a performance-based activity in which students practice applying their decision-making and problem-solving skills.

The S-131, Firefighter Type 1 course is required for individuals seeking qualifications to be a Firefighter Type 1 (Squad Boss) (FFT1) or an Incident Commander Type 5 (ICT5).

References:

S-131, Firefighter Type 1 (Instructor-led)

NWCG Firefighter Type 1 (Squad Boss) Position Page

NWCG Incident Commander Type 5 Position Page

Wildland Fire Learning Portal

2026 Professional Reading List

Date: March 4, 2026
Questions? 
Please contact: WFLDP Curriculum Management

The Wildland Fire Leadership Development Program (WFLDP) is announcing the 2026 Professional Reading List.  The goal of the annual reading list is to promote the reading and discussion of the selected books throughout the year. 

The six books chosen for this year are: How to Win Friends and Influence People by Dale Carnegie; Leadership Strategy and Tactics by Jocko Willink; Meditations by Marcus Aurelious; Quiet by Susan Cain; The Little Book of Stoic Quotes by Phil Van Treuren; and The Confident Mind by Nate Zinsser.

References:

Professional Reading Program

Wildland Fire Leadership Development Program