NWCG Standards for M-2002 Fire Shelters: Escape and Entrapment

The fire shelter has long been considered a last resort. However, it can also protect you from falling embers, thick smoke, or be used as a heat shield while escaping from a fire. You should not hesitate to use your shelter to protect yourself. Do not worry about the cost of the fire shelter, the possibility of investigations, or the perception of others — your safety is always the highest priority. If you feel your situation could be improved by using your fire shelter, use it.

Escape

Firefighters train to recognize and utilize escape routes and safety zones. Throughout their shift, or as fire behavior changes, these are reevaluated.

Crew supervisors must identify escape routes and safety zones, and make sure they are known by everyone on their crews. Changing environmental conditions or work progression should trigger reassessment of planned escape routes and safety zones. The reassessment may require new escape routes and safety zones be identified if work in the area is to continue. You should always know the location of your escape routes and safety zones. Remember, in a true safety zone, you do not need your shelter to protect you from heat.

Escape is your first priority. If your escape seems unlikely or impossible, locate the best deployment site you can and prepare to deploy your shelter.

Time is critical during an escape. You will have to decide quickly whether you have time to escape or if you feel entrapment is imminent. As soon as you realize your escape is compromised, drop your gear. Take your fire shelter with you. Keep your tool if there is a chance you may need it to clear a deployment site. Drop packs, chain saws, or anything else that might slow you down. Firefighters have died carrying packs and tools while climbing a hill to escape fires. You can move up to 30 percent faster without your gear. This can easily mean the difference between life and death in an escape.

As you move along your escape route, stay alert and talk to other crewmembers. Talking helps relieve stress and ensures hazards are communicated quickly. Be alert for deployment areas as you move. If it becomes apparent that you are not going to reach a safety zone, do not pass through an effective deployment site only to get caught later in a more hazardous area. Keep in mind that it takes 15 to 20 seconds to deploy a shelter under ideal conditions, longer in turbulent winds or if you have to remove your pack (another reason to drop your pack). Leave enough time to get on the ground and under your shelter before the heat arrives. Firefighters have been injured or killed because they waited too long to deploy and get into their shelters.

If the fire is closing in behind you, get your shelter out and partially unfold it. Use  the shelter to shield you from the heat if necessary. Don’t drop the shelter, allow it to blow away, or snag it on the brush.

Be ready to grab the shelter by an edge and get into it. You will have to recognize when your only option is to deploy your fire shelter. You must be decisive. If you are with a crew, follow the orders given by your supervisor. If you are in charge, be sure to give clear instructions and to make sure they are understood.

Vehicles

Face and Neck Shrouds

Shrouds offer additional protection against radiant heat during an escape. Shrouds should not be used to work in areas that are so hot you could not work there without them. If shrouds are worn, they should be attached to the helmet for quick deployment when they are needed. Do not rely on shrouds to protect your airway from hot gases.

Entrapment

If you are in an entrapment, protect your lungs, and airway at all costs. Most firefighters who perish in fires die from heat that damages their airway, not from external burns. One breath of hot gases can damage your lungs, causing you to suffocate.

Your entrapment site may meet the definition of a safety zone, but wind and slope can create the need for a larger safety zone than the standard four times the flame length calculation. Terrain, slope, and wind impact how a fire burns through an area. Because of these factors, be prepared to rapidly deploy your fire shelter if your safety zone turns out to be inadequate for the conditions. For more information, review the 6 Minutes for Safety publication on safety zones.

Be alert for signs of hot gases. These gases may not be smoky or dark. Your only warning may be air movement, an increase in temperature, and/or embers blowing past. If gases get hot enough to burn you, it is past time to get under your fire shelter.