The recommendations listed below are not all-inclusive, nor are they directive in nature. While the conditions listed can be experienced in places like the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Front, they can also be found in non-mountainous areas or at low altitudes. For example, density altitudes over 8,500 feet mean sea level (MSL) can be found regularly on the eastern plains of Colorado in the summer. Also, dangerous mechanical and or mountain wave turbulence can be found in areas that aren't usually considered mountainous. In addition, keep in mind that fires in any geographic area can and do produce their own localized weather and the hazards described here can occur in these situations as well.

Pilot Ability

Carefully consider your experience and background before beginning a fire mission into mountainous terrain. Mountain flying in many areas will stretch your abilities to fly the airplane proficiently, navigate, and deal with weather. Consider your ability to react to strong winds and the up and down drafts they may cause. The aircraft’s gross weight and its effect on performance should be carefully considered.

Visibility

Many experienced mountain pilots recommend having at least 15 miles of visibility before attempting mountain flights. In the fire environment, make sure you have enough visibility to safely maneuver the aircraft to avoid any obstacles. Remember, turn radius is greater due to increased true airspeed (TAS). Also, engine response time is increased and thrust is reduced due to higher density altitudes.

Winds

Strong winds can cause some of the most dangerous conditions you will have to contend with in the mountains. Mountain top winds in excess of 25 knots (28 mph) are indicative of moderate to severe turbulence at ridge top levels as well as the likelihood of very strong updrafts and downdrafts. Plan your approach/drop and leave an “out” in case you encounter dry or unexpected turbulence or downdrafts. When encountering a downdraft, maintain sufficient airspeed. Jettison part or all the load if necessary. Guard against stalling the aircraft and fly out of the downdraft immediately with full power. Proceed to an area of an updraft or smoother air. Pay close attention to the forecasts at and above the mountain ridges. In the west, that usually means the 9,000- and 12,000-feet wind forecasts. In the east, you’ll look at lower wind level forecasts. Winds above 25 knots at these levels should be a warning sign regarding turbulence and updraft or downdraft potential.

Mountain Wave

When the wind speed is above about 25 knots and flowing perpendicular to the ridge lines, the air flow can form waves, much like water flowing over rocks in a stream bed. The waves form downwind from the ridgeline and will be composed of very strong updrafts and downdrafts, with the probability of dangerous rotor action under the crests of the waves. If enough moisture is present, standing lenticular clouds can form to give a visual indication of the wave action. These clouds are also an indication of moderate to severe turbulence.

Winds Through Passes

Winds flowing through the narrow restriction of a mountain pass tend to increase in velocity. When the winds are forecast above 20 knots (23 mph), be aware that this phenomenon may cause turbulence and drafts.

Also see: Mountain Flying Part 2