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CFFDRS: Fire Weather Index FWI System

  1. Introduction
  2. Fire Weather Index – NFDRS Crosswalk
  3. FWI Fuel Moisture Codes
  4. FWI Fire Behavior Indices
  5. Grass Fuel Moisture (GFM)
  6. Other Considerations

Introduction

Analogous in concept to the National Fire Danger Rating System (NFDRS), the FWI System depends solely on weather readings. Resulting fuel moisture codes and fire behavior indices are based on a single standard fuel type that can be described as a generalized pine forest, most nearly jack pine and lodgepole pine.

The Fire Weather Index System calls for weather observations to be collected from a standard observation site and time. Location standards can be found in the Weather Guide for the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System (Lawson and Armitage, 2008). The system calls for observations to be taken at solar noon when the sun is at its peak directly overhead.

Reference tools and current conditions are available to US users through:

FWI Process Flow Chart

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The Fire Weather Index System. This process flow chart outlines the system inputs, as well as the system array of output codes and indices.

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Fire Weather Index – NFDRS Crosswalk

This table provides the crosswalk between FWI weather inputs, fuel moisture codes, and fire behavior indices with their NFDRS counterparts.

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Fire Weather Index – NFDRS Crosswalk Chart

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FWI Fuel Moisture Codes

There are three fuel moisture categories, or codes, in the FWI system, compared to seven found in NFDRS. These are generally represented as unitless codes instead of fuel moisture content (represented as a % of dry weight). They can be converted to moisture content, and in fact, are converted each day as part of the daily or hourly calculations.

The Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC) represents fuel moisture of forest litter fuels under the shade of a forest canopy. It is intended to represent moisture conditions for shaded litter fuels, the equivalent of 16 hour timelag. It ranges from 0-101. Subtracting the FFMC value from 100 can provide an estimate for the equivalent (approximately 10h) fuel moisture content, most accurate when FFMC values are roughly above 80.

The Duff Moisture Code (DMC) represents fuel moisture of decomposed organic material underneath the litter. System designers suggest that it is represents moisture conditions for the equivalent of 15-day (or 360 hr) timelag fuels. It is unitless and open ended. It may provide insight to live fuel moisture stress.

The Drought Code (DC), much like the Keetch-Byrum Drought Index, represents drying deep into the soil. It approximates moisture conditions for the equivalent of 53-day (1272 hour) timelag fuels. It is unitless, with a maximum value of 1000. Extreme drought conditions have produced DC values near 800.

This example plot of all three moisture codes through a fire season demonstrates how fuel moisture codes rise as fuels dry out and fall with precipitation and (primarily with FFMC) with moderating weather.

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Example plot of fuel moisture trends from 2015 season at the Hogatza RAWS in Alaska. It shows that FWI system fuel moisture codes rise as fuels dry and fall as they are wetted by precipitation.

In this way, these fuel moisture codes can more easily provide visual comparisons with the associated fire behavior indices. Among them, the DMC and DC are effectively open ended codes with little chance environmental conditions will produce maximum values.

The FFMC, representing moisture conditions in shaded forest litter, is analogous to 10-hour fuel moisture estimates. This table suggests the conversion for both shaded (10h-Sh) and unshaded (10h-Unsh) fuel bed conditions.

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FWI Fire Behavior Indices

There are 3 fire behavior indices in the FWI system:

  • The Initial Spread Index (ISI) is analogous to the NFDRS Spread Component (SC). It integrates fuel moisture for fine dead fuels and surface windspeed to estimate a spread potential. ISI is a key input for fire behavior predictions in the FBP system. It is unitless and open ended.
  • The Buildup Index (BUI) is analogous to the NFDRS Energy Release Component (ERC). It combines the current DMC and DC to produce an estimate of potential heat release in heavier fuels. It is unitless and open ended. In Alaska and the Lake States, it is the primary indicator of season severity during the growing season.
  • The Fire Weather Index (FWI) integrates current ISI and BUI to produce a unitless index of general fire intensity potential. It is analogous to NFDRS Burning Index. With dry fuel conditions, it is a key indicator of extreme fire behavior potential. Again, unitless and open ended.

As shown in this graph, the FWI integrates the influences of spread (ISI) and fuel flammability (BUI) to produce a unitless index of potential fire intensity and prospect for extreme fire behavior.

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Example plot of fire behavior indices from 2015 season at the Hogatza RAWS in Alaska.  It shows that FWI system of indices represent day to day changes in spread (Initial Spread Index), fuel consumption (Buildup Index), and fire intensity (Fire Weather Index).

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Grass Fuel Moisture (GFM)

The GFM is a fourth fuel moisture category for grass fuel moisture specifically (Wotton, 2009). It is not part of the daily FWI system. Research in Ontario (Kidnie et.al, 2010) quantified the fuel moisture trends for grass fuels and established a grass fuel moisture model that is produced only with hourly data. Its corresponding Grass Fuel Moisture Code (GFMC), along with the FFMC, provides hourly estimates to represent diurnal and event based changes in fine fuel moisture as they occur.

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Grass Fuel Moisture (GFM) Estimation Table. Though not part of the daily FWI system, grass fuel moisture is an important characteristic of diurnal changes to flammability in grass systems.

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Other Considerations

Diurnal Variations

There is an hourly version of the Fine Fuel Moisture Code that reflects variability influenced by temperature and humidity changes throughout the day and night. Using the corresponding, locally observed windspeed, updated values for Initial Spread Index and Fire Weather Index may also be produced.

Seasonal Start-up and Resumption after Interruption in Observations

Daily records are generally started as soon as there is measurable fire danger in the spring. Where winter snow cover is continuous, this is defined as the third day after snow has left the area to which the fire danger rating applies. Default seasonal start-up values are 85 for FFMC, 6 for DMC, and 15 for DC.

If daily observations are interrupted during the season and missing observations cannot be estimated, fuel moisture codes must be estimated for the last day of missing observations and used as “yesterday” fuel moisture codes for the newly resumed weather observation.

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NWCG Latest Announcements

Incident Position Standards and the Next Generation Position Task Books Now Available for PROC and TIME

Date: July 17, 2025
Questions?  Please contact:
Incident Business Committee

NWCG is excited to announce that Incident Position Standards and the Next Generation Position Task Books are now available for Procurement Unit Leader (PROC) and Time Unit Leader (TIME).

The Performance Support Packages for these positions were developed as part of the Incident Performance and Training Modernization (IPTM) effort. These resources support trainees, qualified personnel, and evaluators in their respective roles.

Any changes to qualification pathways will take effect with the next update of the NWCG Standards for Wildland Fire Position Qualifications, PMS 310-1 update, scheduled for January 2026.

References:

NWCG Procurement Unit Leader Position Page

NWCG Time Unit Leader Position Page

National Wildland Firefighter Day

Date: July 2, 2025
Questions?  Please contact:
National Interagency Fire Center

The National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) recognizes July 2, 2025, as National Wildland Firefighter Day (NWFFD). Established in 2022, NWFFD honors the dedication of wildland firefighters and support personnel. This day falls within the 2025 Week of Remembrance (June 30 - July 6), providing an opportunity to renew our commitment to wildland firefighter safety while remembering those who have fallen in the line of duty.

NWCG provides leadership to enable interoperable wildland fire operations among federal, state, local, Tribal, and territorial partners. NWCG standards and training establish common practices to contribute to safe, effective, and coordinated interagency wildland fire operations nationwide.

References:

Week of Remembrance

National Wildland Firefighter Day

2025 Week of Remembrance

Date: June 27, 2025
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6 Minutes for Safety Subcommittee

As we approach the 2025 Week of Remembrance (WOR), June 30–July 6, we dedicate this time to reflect on the past incidents from 2015 and honor the fallen through learning. Since its inception in 2014, WOR has honored wildland firefighters who made the ultimate sacrifice while encouraging critical discussions that reinforce lessons learned.

Throughout the week, we encourage thoughtful and generative conversations—whether in briefing rooms or at tailgates—that promote a culture of continuous learning and safety.

References:

2025 Week of Remembrance: Letter to Leadership

Wildland Fire Lessons Learned Center

ETC Equipment Bulletin: 25-003 Flame-Resistant Shirt Survey

Date: June 12, 2025
Questions?  Please contact:
Equipment Technology Committee

The U.S. Forest Service National Technology and Development Program (NTDP) is seeking input on the Forest Service-designed flame-resistant (FR) shirt, currently available through the National Interagency Support Cache system and FedMall.

NTDP is conducting a product review to improve future FR shirt designs. As part of this effort, a short survey is now open for federal employees who have worn any of three recent FR shirt models. Feedback will guide design improvements to better meet the needs of wildland firefighters.

To comply with the Paperwork Reduction Act, responses are limited to federal employees. The survey is open through September 12, 2025. 

References:

NWCG Alerts

ETC Equipment Bulletin: 25-003